Articles
Dr. Bibha Tripathi
Published 2017-04-30
Keywords
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How to Cite
Bibha Tripathi, D. (2017). Assessing on Female Criminality: A Case Study of Varanasi District Jail. Kathmandu School of Law Review, 5(1), 109–123. Retrieved from https://kslreview.org/index.php/kslr/article/view/161
Abstract
The paper is written with an objective of understanding female criminality with special reference to a case study of Varanasi District jail containing almost eightythree under trial and convicted prisoners. The aim of the paper is to compare the de- facto condition of women prisoners with the de- jure provisions mentioned in U.P. Jail manual. Since the jail manuals are framed in the light of Prison Act, 1894, several suggestions have been given for reformation in jail by making amendments in the provision of Prison Act, 1894 and Model Prison Act, 2003. The paper also attempts to compare the U.P. Jail manual with the provisions of Model Prison Act, 2003with special reference to women prisoners, so that viable suggestions can be made to improve and reform the condition of women prisoners.
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References
1. Edwin Sutherland, Principles of Criminology, Lippicott Company, Philadelphia, 1947.
2. James J. Gobert, Victim Precipitation, vol. 77, Columbia Law Review p.511, 1977, p.553.; Menachem Amir, Victim Precipitated Forcible Rape, vol. 58, The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Sciencep.493, 1968, p.502; Menachem Amir, Patterns In Forcible Rape, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1971.
3. Ann Acales, ‘The Emergence Of Feminist Jurisprudence: An Essay’, Yale Law Journal, 1986, cited in Akhilendra Kr. Pandey, ‘Feminist Versions And Law’ ,Banaras Law Journal p.87, 2004, p.104.
4. Jane Freedman, Feminism, Viva Books Private Limited, New Delhi, 2002; Caroline Ramazanoglu, Feminism and the Contradictions of Oppression, Routledge, London and New York, 1989.
5. Legal feminists derive their strength from social and political feminist thinkers. The entry of feminist thinkers has turned law into a site of struggle rather than being taken as a tool of struggle. Their major submission is that ‘law is sexist’, ‘law is male’ and ‘law is gendered’.
6. S.P. Singh, A Study: Involvement of Women in Violent Crimes, The Indian Police Journal, 2004
7 C. Lombroso and G. Ferrero, La Donna Delinquente, Roux and Co, Turin and Rome, 1893;C. Lombroso, Crime, Its Causes and Remedies, Boston, 1911 cited from Frances Heidensohn, ‘The Deviance of Women: A Critique and an Enquiry’, vol.19, The British Journal of Sociologyp.160, 1968, p.175; C. Lombroso and W. Ferrero, The Female Offender, Fisher Unwin, London, 1895.
8 Willain Issac Thomas, The Unadjusted Girl, Little Brown and Company, New York, 1923.
9 Dorie Klein, ‘The Etiology of Female Crime: A Review Of Literature’, Issues In Criminology, 1973 cited from, J. Robert Lilly, Francis T. Cullen & Richard A. Ball, Criminological Theory; Context and Consequences, Sage Publications, New York,2007; Sigmund Freud, ‘Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction Between the Sexes’, in J. Stachey (ed) Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Hogarth Press, London,1964; H. Deutsch, The Psychology of Women: Motherhood. Grune & Stratton, New York, 1944.
10 Ibid, pp.212-13
11 Ibid
12 Ibid, p.213
13 Amanda Burgess, ‘Intersections of Race, Class, Gender, and Crime Future Directions for Feminist Criminology’ Feminist Criminology, 2006 available at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1557085105282899accessed on 2 May 2017; Richard A. Wright, ‘Women as Victims and as Resisters: Depictions of the Oppression of Women in Criminology Textbooks’, vol. 23, Teaching Sociologyp.111, 1995, p.121.
14 Joanne Belknapsource, ‘Offending Women: A Double Entendre’, vol. 100, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology p.1061, 1973, p.1081.
15 John Hagan, Structural Criminology, N. J. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick,1989 cited from Frank Schmalleger, Criminology Today, Pearson, New Jersey, 1999.
16 Evelyn K. Sommers, Voices from Within: Women Who Have Broken the Law, University Of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1995 cited from Schmalleger (n 22).
17 Elizabeth Cauffman, ‘Understanding the Female Offender, The Future of Children’, vol. 18, Future of Children, p.119, 2008, p.142; Sibylle Artz, Sex, Power and the Violent School Girl, Teachers College Press, New York, 1999.
18 Meda Chesney-Lind & Lisa Pasko, Sentencing Women to Prison: Equality without Justice (In Race, Gender, and Class in Criminology the Intersection), Garland, New York, 1996.
19 Freda Adler, Sisters in Crime: The Rise of the New Female Criminal, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975.
20 Kathleen Daly &Meda Chesney-Lind, ‘Feminism and Criminology’, vol.5, Justice Quarterly p.497, 1985.
21 Dana M. Britton, ‘Feminism in Criminology: Engendering the Outlaw’, vol. 571, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, p.57, 2000, p.76.
22 Beverley Brown, ‘Women and Crime: The Dark Figures of Criminology’, vol.15, Economy and Society p.355, 1986, p. 402.
23 S Darrell J. Steffensmier & Michael J. Cobb, Sex difference in Urban Arrest Patterns, vol.29, Society for the Study of Social Problems p.37, 1981, p. 50.
24 Meda Chesney-Lind, Girls Crime and Women's Place: Toward a Feminist Model of Female Delinquency, Sage Publications, New York, 1989.
25 Morris Allison & Anya Wilczynski, Rocking the Cradle: Mothers Who Kill Their Children, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1994.
26 Arnesh Kumar v. State Of Bihar, AIR 2014, SCC 273.
27 Indira Jaisingh, ‘Concern for the Dead, Condemnation for the Living’, vol. 49, Economic and Political Weekly, 2014.
28 In the present paper, only those provisions are mentioned which are compared through the case analysis.
29 Zakia Kurrien, ‘Ensuring a Healthy Start to Life’, The Hindu (October 2014) available at http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/ensuring-a-healthy-start-tolife/ article6482172.ece accessed on 2 May 2017.
2. James J. Gobert, Victim Precipitation, vol. 77, Columbia Law Review p.511, 1977, p.553.; Menachem Amir, Victim Precipitated Forcible Rape, vol. 58, The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Sciencep.493, 1968, p.502; Menachem Amir, Patterns In Forcible Rape, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1971.
3. Ann Acales, ‘The Emergence Of Feminist Jurisprudence: An Essay’, Yale Law Journal, 1986, cited in Akhilendra Kr. Pandey, ‘Feminist Versions And Law’ ,Banaras Law Journal p.87, 2004, p.104.
4. Jane Freedman, Feminism, Viva Books Private Limited, New Delhi, 2002; Caroline Ramazanoglu, Feminism and the Contradictions of Oppression, Routledge, London and New York, 1989.
5. Legal feminists derive their strength from social and political feminist thinkers. The entry of feminist thinkers has turned law into a site of struggle rather than being taken as a tool of struggle. Their major submission is that ‘law is sexist’, ‘law is male’ and ‘law is gendered’.
6. S.P. Singh, A Study: Involvement of Women in Violent Crimes, The Indian Police Journal, 2004
7 C. Lombroso and G. Ferrero, La Donna Delinquente, Roux and Co, Turin and Rome, 1893;C. Lombroso, Crime, Its Causes and Remedies, Boston, 1911 cited from Frances Heidensohn, ‘The Deviance of Women: A Critique and an Enquiry’, vol.19, The British Journal of Sociologyp.160, 1968, p.175; C. Lombroso and W. Ferrero, The Female Offender, Fisher Unwin, London, 1895.
8 Willain Issac Thomas, The Unadjusted Girl, Little Brown and Company, New York, 1923.
9 Dorie Klein, ‘The Etiology of Female Crime: A Review Of Literature’, Issues In Criminology, 1973 cited from, J. Robert Lilly, Francis T. Cullen & Richard A. Ball, Criminological Theory; Context and Consequences, Sage Publications, New York,2007; Sigmund Freud, ‘Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction Between the Sexes’, in J. Stachey (ed) Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Hogarth Press, London,1964; H. Deutsch, The Psychology of Women: Motherhood. Grune & Stratton, New York, 1944.
10 Ibid, pp.212-13
11 Ibid
12 Ibid, p.213
13 Amanda Burgess, ‘Intersections of Race, Class, Gender, and Crime Future Directions for Feminist Criminology’ Feminist Criminology, 2006 available at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1557085105282899accessed on 2 May 2017; Richard A. Wright, ‘Women as Victims and as Resisters: Depictions of the Oppression of Women in Criminology Textbooks’, vol. 23, Teaching Sociologyp.111, 1995, p.121.
14 Joanne Belknapsource, ‘Offending Women: A Double Entendre’, vol. 100, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology p.1061, 1973, p.1081.
15 John Hagan, Structural Criminology, N. J. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick,1989 cited from Frank Schmalleger, Criminology Today, Pearson, New Jersey, 1999.
16 Evelyn K. Sommers, Voices from Within: Women Who Have Broken the Law, University Of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1995 cited from Schmalleger (n 22).
17 Elizabeth Cauffman, ‘Understanding the Female Offender, The Future of Children’, vol. 18, Future of Children, p.119, 2008, p.142; Sibylle Artz, Sex, Power and the Violent School Girl, Teachers College Press, New York, 1999.
18 Meda Chesney-Lind & Lisa Pasko, Sentencing Women to Prison: Equality without Justice (In Race, Gender, and Class in Criminology the Intersection), Garland, New York, 1996.
19 Freda Adler, Sisters in Crime: The Rise of the New Female Criminal, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975.
20 Kathleen Daly &Meda Chesney-Lind, ‘Feminism and Criminology’, vol.5, Justice Quarterly p.497, 1985.
21 Dana M. Britton, ‘Feminism in Criminology: Engendering the Outlaw’, vol. 571, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, p.57, 2000, p.76.
22 Beverley Brown, ‘Women and Crime: The Dark Figures of Criminology’, vol.15, Economy and Society p.355, 1986, p. 402.
23 S Darrell J. Steffensmier & Michael J. Cobb, Sex difference in Urban Arrest Patterns, vol.29, Society for the Study of Social Problems p.37, 1981, p. 50.
24 Meda Chesney-Lind, Girls Crime and Women's Place: Toward a Feminist Model of Female Delinquency, Sage Publications, New York, 1989.
25 Morris Allison & Anya Wilczynski, Rocking the Cradle: Mothers Who Kill Their Children, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1994.
26 Arnesh Kumar v. State Of Bihar, AIR 2014, SCC 273.
27 Indira Jaisingh, ‘Concern for the Dead, Condemnation for the Living’, vol. 49, Economic and Political Weekly, 2014.
28 In the present paper, only those provisions are mentioned which are compared through the case analysis.
29 Zakia Kurrien, ‘Ensuring a Healthy Start to Life’, The Hindu (October 2014) available at http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/ensuring-a-healthy-start-tolife/ article6482172.ece accessed on 2 May 2017.