Articles
Parole System Reducing the Overcrowding Situation of Prisoners in Kathmandu Valley
Mukesh Dhungana- Samjhana Phuyal
Published 2021-03-30
Keywords
- Prison, overcrowding, Parole, Parole board, parole officer, National legal instruments, sentencing policy
How to Cite
Dhungana, M. ., & Phuyal, S. . (2021). Parole System Reducing the Overcrowding Situation of Prisoners in Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu School of Law Review, 9(1), 1–21. Retrieved from https://kslreview.org/index.php/kslr/article/view/2201
Abstract
The Parole system is one of the alternative models of reforming the prison system under the criminal justice system. It has been found that prisoners in the prison of Kathmandu valley are overcrowded and even the prison is not properly managed. Prisoners are facing multiple impacts from such situations of prison being overcrowded. Therefore, this article aims to explore the situation of prison being overcrowded, the reasons behind and its effects. It also aims to explore the implementation status and re-define the role and responsibilities of concerned authorities including the Home Ministry, Prison Management Department, and prisons in Kathmandu valley. The parole system has recently been introduced in Nepal as an alternative mechanism to imprisonment. The Criminal offences (Sentencing and Executing) Act 2074 has elaborated on the prison system and such alternatives.
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References
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2 Madhav Prasad Acharya & Ganesh Bahadur Bhattarai, Criminology and Penology, Lumbini Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., Nepal, 1st edition, 2011, p. 62.
3 Department of Prison Management, Long Term Vision, http://dopm.gov.np/en/pages/143/Long-term-Vision/20818367/ https://www.dopm.gov.np/en/content.php?id=127 , Accessed on 19 march 2021.
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6 Bureau of Justice Statistics, https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=qa&iid=324, accessed on 19 March 2021.
7 Criminal Law, Parole and Probation, Justia, 2021, available at https://www.justia.com/criminal/parole-and-probation/, accessed on 19 March 2021.
8 Acharya & Bhattarai (n 2), p. 93.
9 S.M. Afzal Qadri, Criminology, Penology and Victimology, Eastern Book Company, 7th edition, 2016, p. 369.
10 Dahal (n 4), p.336.
11 Acharya & Bhattarai (n 2), p. 94.
12 N.V. Paranjape, Criminology and Penology including Victimology, Central Law Publication, India, 18th edition, 2018, p.595.
13 John Randolph Fuller, Criminal Justice Mainstream and Cross Currents, Oxford University Press, available at https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780199997961/stud/chapter013/keyconcepts/, accessed
on 16 August 2021.
14 Handbook on strategies to reduce overcrowding in prisons available at https://www.unodc.org/documents/
justice-and-prison reform/Overcrowding _in_prisons_Ebook, Accessed on 8 July 2021.
15 Ibid.
16 Department of Prison Management https://www.dopm.gov.np/uploads/files/jestha%20maskebari%202078.pdf, accessed on 10 August 2021.
17 Upadhyaya (n 5).
18 'Strategies and Best Practices Against Overcrowding in Correctional Facilities', UNAFEI, 2011, Japan, available at https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/12th_Congress/00All.pdf, accessed on 8 July 2021.
19 Handbook on strategies to reduce overcrowding in prisons (n 18).
20 Ibid.
21 Muluki Aparadh (Samhita) Ain 2074, (The Penal (Code) Act 2017), Nepal, s. 41.
22 Faujdari Kasur (Sajaya Nirdharan tatha Karyanwoyan) Ain, 2074 ( Criminal Offences (Sentencing and Execution)
Act 2017), Nepal, s. 1(2).
23 Muluki Faujdari Karyabidhi (Samhita) Ain 2074, (National Criminal Procedure Code 2017), Nepal, s. 67.
24 Upadhyaya (n 5).
25 Muluki Faujdari Samhita (n 22), s. 46.
26 Faujdari Kasur (Sajaya Nirdharan Tatha Karyanwoyan) (n 22), s. 45 (2) & (3).
27 Upadhyaya (n 5).
28 https://www.dopm.gov.np/uploads/files/jestha%20maskebari%202078.pdf accessed on 10 August 2021.
29 Report on Detention and Prison Monitoring, 2076, Office of Attorney General, p.103. available at https://ag.gov.np/publication?pub_type=38, accessed on 10th August 2021.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid.
33 Handbook on strategies to reduce overcrowding in prisons (n 18).
34 Ibid.
35 'Strategies and Best Practices Against Overcrowding In Correctional Facilities (n 18).
36 Faujdari Kasur (Sajaya Nirdharan tatha Karyanwoyan) (n 22), s. 29(1).
37 Ibid, s. 29(1).
38 Ibid, s.29 (2).
39 Ibid, s.29 (3).
40 Ibid, s.29 (4).
41 Ibid, s. 29 (5).
42 Ibid, s. 29 (1).
43 Ibid, s. 38(1).
44 Ibid, s. 39(3).
45 Ibid, s. 39(4).
46 Ibid, s. 39(5).
47 Ibid, s. 38(2)
48 Gopal Siwakoti and Others v. Prime Minister and Council of Ministers Office and others, NKP 2077 (2020), volume 5, Decision no. 10509.
49 Report on Detention and Prison Monitoring (n 29); https://www.dopm.gov.np/uploads/files/jestha%20maskebari%202078.pdf, accessed on 10 August 2021.
50 Report on Detention and Prison Monitoring (n 29).
51 Department of Prison Management, available at: https://www.dopm.gov.np/uploads/files/jestha%20maskebari%202078.pdf. Accessed on 10th august 2021
52 Ibid.
53 Report on Detention and Prison Monitoring (n 29).
54 Department of Prison Management (n 51).
55 Gopal Siwakoti and others v. Prime Minister and Council of Ministers Office and others (n 53).
56 Ram Kumar Kamat, 'SC order on corrective measures for prisoners remains unimplemented', The Himalayan, Kathmandu, 22 February 2021, available at https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/sc-order-on-corrective-measures-for-prisoners-remains-unimplemented, accessed on 12th August 2021
57 Draft of Standards and Conditions Related with Parole and Probation for Prisoners, 2078.
58 Faujdari Kasur (Sajaya Nirdharan tatha Karyanwoyan) (n 26), s. 29.
2 Madhav Prasad Acharya & Ganesh Bahadur Bhattarai, Criminology and Penology, Lumbini Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., Nepal, 1st edition, 2011, p. 62.
3 Department of Prison Management, Long Term Vision, http://dopm.gov.np/en/pages/143/Long-term-Vision/20818367/ https://www.dopm.gov.np/en/content.php?id=127 , Accessed on 19 march 2021.
4 S.M. Afzal Qadri, Criminology, Penology and Victimology, Eastern Book Company, 7th edition, 2016, p. 305.
5 Mahendra Nath Upadhyaya, ‘Overcrowding of Prison Populations: The Nepalese Perspective’, Resource Material No. 80, available at https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/RS_No80/No80_13PA_Upadhyaya.pdf, accessed on 19 March 2021.
6 Bureau of Justice Statistics, https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=qa&iid=324, accessed on 19 March 2021.
7 Criminal Law, Parole and Probation, Justia, 2021, available at https://www.justia.com/criminal/parole-and-probation/, accessed on 19 March 2021.
8 Acharya & Bhattarai (n 2), p. 93.
9 S.M. Afzal Qadri, Criminology, Penology and Victimology, Eastern Book Company, 7th edition, 2016, p. 369.
10 Dahal (n 4), p.336.
11 Acharya & Bhattarai (n 2), p. 94.
12 N.V. Paranjape, Criminology and Penology including Victimology, Central Law Publication, India, 18th edition, 2018, p.595.
13 John Randolph Fuller, Criminal Justice Mainstream and Cross Currents, Oxford University Press, available at https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780199997961/stud/chapter013/keyconcepts/, accessed
on 16 August 2021.
14 Handbook on strategies to reduce overcrowding in prisons available at https://www.unodc.org/documents/
justice-and-prison reform/Overcrowding _in_prisons_Ebook, Accessed on 8 July 2021.
15 Ibid.
16 Department of Prison Management https://www.dopm.gov.np/uploads/files/jestha%20maskebari%202078.pdf, accessed on 10 August 2021.
17 Upadhyaya (n 5).
18 'Strategies and Best Practices Against Overcrowding in Correctional Facilities', UNAFEI, 2011, Japan, available at https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/12th_Congress/00All.pdf, accessed on 8 July 2021.
19 Handbook on strategies to reduce overcrowding in prisons (n 18).
20 Ibid.
21 Muluki Aparadh (Samhita) Ain 2074, (The Penal (Code) Act 2017), Nepal, s. 41.
22 Faujdari Kasur (Sajaya Nirdharan tatha Karyanwoyan) Ain, 2074 ( Criminal Offences (Sentencing and Execution)
Act 2017), Nepal, s. 1(2).
23 Muluki Faujdari Karyabidhi (Samhita) Ain 2074, (National Criminal Procedure Code 2017), Nepal, s. 67.
24 Upadhyaya (n 5).
25 Muluki Faujdari Samhita (n 22), s. 46.
26 Faujdari Kasur (Sajaya Nirdharan Tatha Karyanwoyan) (n 22), s. 45 (2) & (3).
27 Upadhyaya (n 5).
28 https://www.dopm.gov.np/uploads/files/jestha%20maskebari%202078.pdf accessed on 10 August 2021.
29 Report on Detention and Prison Monitoring, 2076, Office of Attorney General, p.103. available at https://ag.gov.np/publication?pub_type=38, accessed on 10th August 2021.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid.
33 Handbook on strategies to reduce overcrowding in prisons (n 18).
34 Ibid.
35 'Strategies and Best Practices Against Overcrowding In Correctional Facilities (n 18).
36 Faujdari Kasur (Sajaya Nirdharan tatha Karyanwoyan) (n 22), s. 29(1).
37 Ibid, s. 29(1).
38 Ibid, s.29 (2).
39 Ibid, s.29 (3).
40 Ibid, s.29 (4).
41 Ibid, s. 29 (5).
42 Ibid, s. 29 (1).
43 Ibid, s. 38(1).
44 Ibid, s. 39(3).
45 Ibid, s. 39(4).
46 Ibid, s. 39(5).
47 Ibid, s. 38(2)
48 Gopal Siwakoti and Others v. Prime Minister and Council of Ministers Office and others, NKP 2077 (2020), volume 5, Decision no. 10509.
49 Report on Detention and Prison Monitoring (n 29); https://www.dopm.gov.np/uploads/files/jestha%20maskebari%202078.pdf, accessed on 10 August 2021.
50 Report on Detention and Prison Monitoring (n 29).
51 Department of Prison Management, available at: https://www.dopm.gov.np/uploads/files/jestha%20maskebari%202078.pdf. Accessed on 10th august 2021
52 Ibid.
53 Report on Detention and Prison Monitoring (n 29).
54 Department of Prison Management (n 51).
55 Gopal Siwakoti and others v. Prime Minister and Council of Ministers Office and others (n 53).
56 Ram Kumar Kamat, 'SC order on corrective measures for prisoners remains unimplemented', The Himalayan, Kathmandu, 22 February 2021, available at https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/sc-order-on-corrective-measures-for-prisoners-remains-unimplemented, accessed on 12th August 2021
57 Draft of Standards and Conditions Related with Parole and Probation for Prisoners, 2078.
58 Faujdari Kasur (Sajaya Nirdharan tatha Karyanwoyan) (n 26), s. 29.